google

i am genxarmy.back with my post.this time i am focussing on technology ,my favourite.so, i am sstarting with technology godfather ,google.post contributions are from internet and my views.this article is about the corporation. For the search engine, see Google search. For the number 10100, see Googol. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation).

Google Inc.

Type Public
NASDAQ: GOOG
LSE: GGEA
Founded Menlo Park, California (September 4, 1998)[1]
Founder(s) Sergey M. Brin
Lawrence E. Page
Headquarters Googleplex, Mountain View, California, United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Eric E. Schmidt
(Chairman) & (CEO)
Sergey M. Brin
(Technology President)
Lawrence E. Page
(Products President)
Industry Internet, Computer software
Products See list of Google products
Help
Google Web Search Features
Google Services & Tools
Google Labs[2]
Revenue ▲31.3% $ 21.796 billion (2008)[3]
Operating income ▲30.4% $ 6.632 billion (2008)[3]
Net income ▲.6% $ 4.227 billion (2008)[3]
Total assets ▲ $ 31.768 billion (2008)[3]
Total equity ▲ $ 28.239 billion (2008)[3]
Employees 19,665 – September 30, 2009[4]
Website Google.com
Google Inc. is an American public corporation specializing in Internet search. It also generates profits from advertising bought on its similarly free-to-user e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking and video-sharing services. Advert-free versions are available via paid subscription. Google has more recently developed an open source web browser and a mobile phone operating system. Its headquarters, often referred to as the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California. As of March 31, 2009, the company had 19,786 full-time employees. It runs thousands of servers across the world, processing millions of search requests each day and about one petabyte of user-generated data each hour.[5]
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while students at Stanford University. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering was on August 19, 2004. It raised $1.67 billion, implying a total value of $23 billion. Google's rapid growth has sparked a sequence of new products, acquisitions and partnerships beyond its core search engine. Environmentalism, philanthropy and positive employee relations were from the start assigned an important role in establishing brand image. Google has been repeatedly named Fortune Magazine's Number One Best Place to Work[6] and most powerful brand in the world.[7] Alexa lists Google as the Internet's most visited website.[8]
The company's stated mission from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful."[9] Its unofficial slogan, coined by Gmail's first engineer, Paul Buchheit, was Don't be evil.[10][11][12] Google has been criticized over issues of privacy of personal information, copyright and censorship.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Financing and initial public offering
2.2 Growth
2.3 Acquisitions
2.4 Partnerships
3 Products and services
3.1 Advertising
3.2 Software
3.3 Gmail
3.4 Enterprise products
3.5 Books
4 Platform
5 Corporate affairs and culture
5.1 Googleplex
5.2 Innovation Time Off
5.3 Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes
5.4 IPO and culture
5.5 Philanthropy
5.6 Network neutrality
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology

The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of the word "googol",[13][14] which refers to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[15][16]
History

Main article: History of Google


Google in 1998


The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant
Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry Page, who was soon joined by Sergey Brin, when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.[17] They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.[18] Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[19][20] A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy.[21]
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally, the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on 15 September 1997,[22] and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on 4 September 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company amounted to almost $1.1 million, including a $100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.[23]
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on allowed simple text ads.[24]
In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[25] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View, California at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.[26] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[27]
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among a growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and useful results.[28] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.[17] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[17] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at 5 cents per click.[17] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).[29][30][31] Goto.com was an Idealab spin off created by Bill Gross, and was the first company to successfully provide a pay-for-placement search service. Overture Services later sued Google over alleged infringements of Overture's pay-per-click and bidding patents by Google's AdWords service. The case was settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[32] Thus, while many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[17]
A patent describing part of the Google ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on 4 September 2001.[33] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor.
Financing and initial public offering
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998, in the form of a $100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[34]
On June 7, 1999 a round of funding of $25 million was announced,[35] with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[34]
The Google IPO took place on 19 August 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share.[36][37] Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google, and the remaining 5,462,917 were offered by existing stockholders. The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[38] The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google. Many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of 9 August 2004, ten days before the IPO.[39]
The stock performance of Google after its first IPO launch has gone well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on 31 October 2007,[40] due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features such as the desktop search function and its iGoogle personalized home page.[41] The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[41]
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG and under the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGEA.
Growth
While the primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun experimenting with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On 17 January 2006, Google announced the purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.[42] This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times.[43] They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.
Acquisitions
See also: List of acquisitions by Google
Since 2001, Google has acquired several companies, mainly focusing on small start-ups.
In 2004, Google acquired a company called Keyhole, Inc.,[44] which developed a product called Earth Viewer, renamed in 2005 to Google Earth.
In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on 6 April 2006 and outlined many of the known issues of the service.[45]
In late 2006, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.[46] Shortly after, on 31 October 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.[47]
On 13 April 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for $3.1 billion.[48]
On 2 July 2007, Google purchased GrandCentral. Google agreed to buy the company for $50 million.[49]
On 9 July 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.[50]
On August 5 2009, Google announced the purchase of video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million - its first acquisition of a public company. [51]
On 24 November 2009, Google announced the purchase of Teracent, a California based start up company, for an undisclosed price. This is another acquisition on Google's behalf in a series of advertising related purchases- AdMob, Double Click. [52]
Partnerships
In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry.[53] Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.[54] The company entered into a partnership with AOL of Time Warner,[55] to enhance each other's video search services.
The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.[56] In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads,[57] and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."[58]
In 2006, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.[59]
Google has developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 6 September 2008.[60]
In 2008, Google announced that it was hosting an archive of Life magazine's photographs, as part of a joint effort. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.[61] The photos are watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status.[62]
Products and services



Google appliance as shown at RSA Conference 2008
Main article: List of Google products
Google has created services and tools for the general public and business environment alike, including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.
Advertising
99% of Google's revenue is derived from its advertising programs.[63] For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.[64] Google is able to precisely track users' interests across affiliated sites using DoubleClick technology[65] and Google Analytics.[66] Google's advertisements carry a lower price tag when their human ad-rating team working around the world believes the ads improve the company's user experience.[67] Google AdWords allows Web advertisers to display advertisements in Google's search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme.[68] Google AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own site, and earn money every time ads are clicked.[69] Google began in March 2009 to use behavioral targeting based on users' interests.[70]
Google has also been criticized by advertisers regarding its inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script is used to generate a charge on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.[71]
In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on their web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November, 2008.[72][73]
Software
The Google web search engine is the company's most popular service. According to market research published by comScore in November 2009, Google is the dominant search engine in the US market, with a market share of 65.6%.[74] Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators, although at any given time it will only return a maximum of 1,000 results for any specific search query. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps, and more.
In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which allowed users to both upload videos, and search and watch videos from the larger Internet.[75] In 2009 uploads to Google video were discontinued.[76]
Google has also developed several desktop applications, including Google Desktop, Picasa, SketchUp and Google Earth, an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Many major cities have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security implications; contention is that the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other products and even government sources; the software simply makes accessing the information easier. A number of Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks posed by geographic details provided by Google Earth's satellite imaging.[77]
Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set-up in Heathrow Airport, showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa.[78][79] Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.[80]
In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone.[81][82][83] The project, called Android, turned out not to be a phone, but an operating system. It provides a standard development kit that will allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the phone manufacturer. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the first phone running the Android platform, the G1.
Google Translate aka Google Language Tools is a server-side machine translation service, which can translate 35 different languages to each other, forming 595 language pairs. Browser extension tools (such as Firefox extensions) allow for easy access to Google Translate from the browser. The software uses corpus linguistics techniques from translated documents, (such as United Nations documents,[citation needed] which are professionally translated) to extract translations accurate up to 88 percent. A "suggest a better translation" feature appears with the original language text in a pop-up text field, allowing users to indicate where the current translation is incorrect or else inferior to another translation.
On 1 September 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google Chrome, an open-source web browser,[84] which was released on 2 September 2008.
On 7 July 2009, Google announced the project to develop Google Chrome OS, an open-source Linux-based operating system in a "window of opportunity".[85][86]
Gmail
Main article: Gmail
Gmail is a free webmail, POP3 and IMAP service provided by Google. In the United Kingdom and Germany, it is officially called Google Mail.
Gmail was launched as an invitation-only beta release on April 1, 2004 and it became available to the general public on February 7, 2007. As of July 2009 it has 146 million users monthly. The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009, along with the rest of the Google Apps suite.
With an initial storage capacity offer of 1 GB per user, Gmail significantly increased the webmail standard for free storage from the 2 to 4MB its competitors offered at that time. The service currently offers over 7400 MB of free storage with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 1 TB available for $5 to $256 (US) per year.
In February 2006, Google released Gmail Chat, using the same tools used in Google Talk.
Gmail has a search-oriented interface and a "conversation view" similar to an Internet forum. Software developers know Gmail for its pioneering use of the Ajax programming technique.
Gmail runs on Google Servlet Engine and Google GFE/1.3 which run on Linux.
Enterprise products
Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of its Google Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search technology to larger organizations.[87] Providing search for a smaller document repository, Google launched the Mini in 2005.
Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers with an advertising-free window into Google.com's index.[88] In 2008, Google re-branded its next version of Custom Search Business Edition as Google Site Search.[88]
In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at the business user. It includes such extras as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, for a price of $50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.[89]
Also in 2007, Google acquired Postini[90] and continued to sell the acquired technology[91] as Google Security Services.[92]
Books
Main article: Google Books
Google indexes a number of books and reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the U.K., Australia and Canada.[93] The Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, asking them to remove the works of La Martinière (Éditions du Seuil) from their database.[94] In competition with Amazon.com, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.[95]
Platform

Main article: Google platform
Google runs its services on several server farms, each comprising thousands of low-cost commodity computers running stripped-down versions of Linux. While the company divulges no details of its hardware, a 2006 estimate cites 450,000 servers, "racked up in clusters at data centers around the world."[96] The company has about 24 server farms around the world of various configurations. The farm in The Dalles, Oregon is powered by hydroelectricity at about 50 megawatts.[97]
Corporate affairs and culture



Left to right, Eric E. Schmidt, Sergey Brin and Larry Page
Google is known for its informal corporate culture, of which its playful variations on its own corporate logo are an indicator. In 2007 and 2008, Fortune Magazine placed Google at the top of its list of the hundred best places to work.[6] Google's corporate philosophy embodies such casual principles as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."[98]
Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards.[99] For example, some system administrators earn no more than $35,000 per year – considered to be quite low for the Bay Area job market.[100] However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the corporation's remarkable equity growth.[101]
After the company's IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt, requested that their base salary be cut to $1.[102] Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests."[102] Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of $150,000.[dubious – discuss][102]
They have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's board of directors. In a 2007 report of the United States' richest people, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for #5 with a net worth of $18.5 billion each.[103]
In 2007 and through early 2008, Google has seen the departure of several top executives. Gideon Yu, former chief financial officer of YouTube, a Google unit, joined Facebook[104] along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer, who left in October 2007.[105] In March 2008, two senior Google leaders announced their desire to pursue other opportunities. Sheryl Sandburg, ex-VP of global online sales and operations began her position as COO of Facebook[106] while Ash ElDifrawi, former head of brand advertising, left to become CMO of Netshops Inc.[107]
Google's persistent cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user privacy. As of 11 December 2007, Google, like the Microsoft search engine, stores "personal information for 18 months" and by comparison, AOL (Time Warner) "retain[s] search requests for 13 months",[108] and Yahoo! 90 days.[109]
U.S. District Court Judge Louis Stanton, on July 1, 2008 ordered Google to give YouTube user data / log to Viacom to support its case in a billion-dollar copyright lawsuit against Google.[110][111] Google and Viacom, however, on July 14, 2008, agreed in compromise to protect YouTube users' personal data in the $1 billion copyright lawsuit. Google agreed it will make user information and Internet protocol addresses from its YouTube subsidiary anonymous before handing over the data to Viacom. The privacy deal also applied to other litigants including the FA Premier League, the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organisation and the Scottish Premier League.[112][113] The deal however did not extend the anonymity to employees, since Viacom would prove that Google staff are aware of uploading of illegal material to the site. The parties therefore will further meet on the matter lest the data be made available to the court.[114]
Googleplex


The Googleplex
Main article: Googleplex
Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, is referred to as "the Googleplex" in a play of words; a googolplex being 1010100, or a one followed by a googol of zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf. multiplex, cineplex, etc). The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, foosball, a baby grand piano, a pool table, and ping pong. In addition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks.[115]


Sign at the Googleplex
In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet (28,900 m2) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan.[116] The office was specially designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, most recently deals with MySpace and AOL.[116] In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others.[116] It is estimated that the building costs Google $10 million per year to rent and is similar in design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area.[116] In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh.[117] By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[118]
Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[119] The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.[119] Google has faced accusations in Harper's Magazine[120] of being extremely excessive with their energy usage, and were accused of employing their "Don't be evil" motto as well as their very public energy saving campaigns as means of trying to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy their servers actually require.
In 2009 Google announced it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds.[121][122]
Innovation Time Off
As a motivation technique (usually called Innovation Time Off), all Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[123] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that 50% of the new product launches originated from the 20% time.[124]
Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes
Main article: Google's hoaxes
Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes—such as Google MentalPlex, which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[125] In 2002, they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine.[126] In 2004, they featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon),[127] and in 2005, a fictitious brain-boosting drink, termed Google Gulp was announced.[128] In 2006, they came up with Google Romance, a hypothetical online dating service.[129] In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider)[130] in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet and waiting only an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect it to the Internet.[130] Additionally, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.[131]
Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; for instance, the Language Tools page offers the search interface in the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" (actually leetspeak), Elmer Fudd, and Klingon.[132] In addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[133] As Google’s search box can be used as a unit converter (as well as a calculator), some non-standard units are built in, such as the Smoot. A newly discovered easter egg is the spell-checker's result for the properly spelled word "recursion". The spell-checker built into Google search returns "Did you mean: recursion?" in a recursive link back to the same page.[134] Google also routinely modifies its logo in accordance with various holidays or special events throughout the year, such as Christmas, Mother's Day, or the birthdays of various notable individuals.[135] Other logo switches are based on search terms. For instance, if the term "ascii art" (all lower-case required) is searched, an ASCII art version of the Google logo will appear next to the search box.[136]
IPO and culture
Many people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in the company's culture,[137] because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term advances, or because a large number of the company's employees would suddenly become millionaires on paper. In a report given to potential investors, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[138] Later Mr. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture and the fun elements. We spent a lot of time getting our offices right. We think it's important to have a high density of people. People are packed together everywhere. We all share offices. We like this set of buildings because it's more like a densely packed university campus than a typical suburban office park."[139]
However, in 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[140][141][142] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has designated a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on in the beginning—a flat organization with a collaborative environment.[143]
Google has faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[144][145]
Philanthropy
Main article: Google.org
In 2004, Google formed a not for-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.[146] The express mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 mpg. The founder is Dr Larry Brilliant[147] and the current director is Megan Smith.[148]
In 2008 Google announced its "project 10^100" which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then will allow Google users to vote on their favorites.[149]
Network neutrality
Google is a noted supporter of network neutrality. According to Google's Guide to Net Neutrality:
Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content they view and what applications they use on the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality principle since its earliest days… Fundamentally, net neutrality is about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadband carriers should not be permitted to use their market power to discriminate against competing applications or content. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power to control activity online. [150]
On February 7, 2006, Vinton Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol (IP), and current Vice President and "Chief Internet Evangelist" at Google, in testimony before Congress, said, "allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet such a success."[151

My life at ssb -2

And i miss my food of ssb very much.one of the finest menu which was designed as per our selection.we will get everything from 5 day chicken,two day fish,sweet curd,icecream,lemonrice,jalebi,sweets,seasönal fruits,egg,tandoori roti,paneer ka sabji.and waiter there ar too good.butter them and they will feed u double.one of the finest föod of ssb is puri.it is being served in our breakfast.i guarantee this is too good ,you will feel like eating 15 to 20 and after eating that noone can stop you from sleeping.our ssb supritendents who are the real enemy of our students.they wil always interfere and always let you punished by officers.they wil try to trap in their net.but that is what is adventure.boys wil too give them huge blow by puncturing their tyre,cutting telephone lines,shouting their nicknames etc.there is no end of mischief and you will always like to do more kyonki ye dil mange more.maybe i hurted many guy,i am sorry to them and i want to say if there is confusion against me clear it .i am no wrong guy..my friends always supported me there and hope they wil suport me in my future.i mis my math teacher.he was my classmate.hope u r reading.i always thought of helping others and doing something for india.ssb is too gud.i miss my gud old days.

my life at ssb.

i am shashank shekhar singh.this is the story of my life. some memory i want to write:._some memory i want to share. dar lagta hai kahi kho na jaye bahti hawa me.jindagi me aise more pe hun jaha sab kuch khoya khoya sa lagta hai.apni yadon ko sahej kar rakhna chahta hun.i am sharing this blog in public kyonki ab chupane ke liye kuch bhi nahi hai.naa hai mere pas chand,na hi sitare bus hain to ye yaadein.maine apni padhai sainik school,bhubaneswar si ki.yah ek aisa school hai jaha khusiyan pal me ati hai aur pal me chali jati hain.har student yaha ek sapna le ke ata kuch pane ka.6th class me admission hoti hai yahan aur padhai class 12th tak hoti hai.sainik school ka bahut nam.this is run my ministry of defence and mainly prepare the cadets for nda.yaha har jagah se bacche padhne ate hain.har kisi ko kuch pana hai yahan.alag alag mahol se ,alag state se,alag country se bhi,alag class se.lekin sab aa ke waha barabar ho jate hai.koi orissa ka hai to koi bihar ka,koi u.p ka to koi a.p ka.kuch bachche bhutan ke bhi hain.wo hamare khas mehman hote hai.humare school ke best sportsman.wo har game bahut accha khelte hai.sainik school,bhubaneswar ke dil me hain.yaha har bura se bura kam aur accha se accha kam hota hai.sapno ka jahan hai ye.isi school me maine 5 sal gujara ,haste,gate,gum me,lat khake,lat deke,masti me ,dosto ke sang.kafi acche dost mile yaha,kuch ke sath humesha ladte jhagarte rahe ,to kuch ko chidhate rahe.sayad maine dusro ko bahut tang kiya.lekin kabhi kisi ka dil dukhane ke liye nahi bus yuhi majak me kar diya.aj tak mughe koi samagh nahi paya.sainik school me ja ke maine apne desh ke bare me jana,apne desh se pyar karna sikha,paise se jyada is desh ko ahmiyat dena sikha.yahi jaa kar maine apne knowledge ko bahut badhaya.mera quiz kafi accha tha.maine jis quiz competition me participate kiya first kiya.pehle i was feeling shy ,aur mai sharm ke mare participate nahi karta tha,lekin jab bhi koi quiz competition hota tha aur mai audience me baithta,mai sara answer janta tha aur mai sare answer apne bagal me baithne wale classmate ko bata de deta.mere clasmate ne mujhe bahut motivate aur uske bad jab kabhi koi competition hone wala rahta to wo housecaption se bol ke mera likhwa dete.i am really thankful to my clasmate. 2nd june 2003 tha wo din jab maine ssb yani sainik school bhubaneswar me entry liya.ssb has 10 houses and there live 600 boys from 6th to 12th.there were 5 juniour -yamuna,krishna,narmada,mahanadand and 5 seniour houses.-cauvery,sutlej,ganga,brahmaputra and gomati.we all 6 class new entrant were called in vacation,one month before opening of school after vacation.we all six class students were kept together in yamuna house for 1 month under our lady supritendent mrs. Dixit.she was old but very strict.after opening of school after vacation we were alloted our house.so,my first house officially in ssb was mahanadi.i really had a memorable,masti and ofcourse hard time there.when u r juniour,u wil get nice punishment there.my first in ssb was sujit shekhar parija.after coming to mahanadi i got many friends.some were very close with whom we used to do lot of fun and mischief.myself,raja and acharya made a plan to beat the seniour in group whey they wil be alone and we kept our name dada,bhai,don.myself-dada,raja- bhai,acharya-don..acharya was the most notorius creature on earth and ofcourse in ssb too.he will always do something worse and we will get beaten up by our seniours.we done lot of adventures there and got punishment.ssb is a huge story.it can make a huge book and ofcourse story never ends.i spend my 1st three years in mahanadi,4th year i got promoted to seniour house brahmaputra.and in my 5th and last year i was in gomati house.when i was in 10th i was in gomati.i had some good friends there who will help me in making maths. I was always good in studies.my only one subject was poor for which my rank and percentage wil go down.that was mathematics.my friends were very much helpful.i never used to do maths but when exam comes near ,i was running to some mathematics genius friend.he always helped me in maths.i am very thankful to him. our housemaster was mr .k .c .hathi.he was seniour teacher of chemistry.we had every teacher a nickname in ssb.our ssb library was one of the fantastic library any school can have.you ask for any book and u wil get.our librarian mr.a .k.sarangi is very geneourous and kind.there is tension of issuing the book for limited time.you issue a book once and never return it.may be when u called to pay for book butter the librarian and u will be saved.the best idea is to steal the book which is very popular in ssb. Boys there are genius in crook activities.i never stolen any book nor did anything but some guys played game with me and made me crook.it always hurt.i feel to take revenge from them by killing them.they made me crook because i used to disturb them,making fun of them and they taken revenge indirectly by dirty means.at that time no one stand with me except few.that time only i came to know of my true friends.but that is past .and i want to continue in present.ssb is always a great time and huge memory for me.if new film wil be released,boys wil bunk out to see the movie and to protect them their friend wil come forward.if bychance they wil be caught they wil be suspended for one month or they wil get punishment in school.but then also boys take risk because if u want something u have to take risk.really adventourous.to be continued....,..

i swear

Swear that this time I will stand up.
Not for what i believe in, but for what i don't.
This time I will vote. Not for, but against.
Against my own helplessness.
Against my own laziness.
Against two words called chalta hai.
Against short cuts in queues.
Against cheating in exams.
Against Kharcha Paani in offices.
Against powerless inquiry commissions.
Against powerful vote banks.
Against religion in politics.
And politics in religion.
Against illegal constructions.
And legal loopholes.
Against every cynic. Every non-believer.
Against the belief that nothing will change.
Against the feeling that my
vote cannot make a difference.
Against every excuse for not voting.
And I will do this without fear or shame.
Because only by voting against all that
is destroying our today, will I give my
children to vote for something tomorrow.

JAI HIND!!!